Phospho-NPM (Ser4) (A1) rabbit mAb

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Nucleophosmin (NPM1) also known as B23, is a novel substrate for G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). NPM1 belongs to the nucleoplasmin family of proteins, made of the nucleophosmin, nucleoplasmin (NPM2), and NPM3 (1). GRKs phosphorylate, desensitize, and traffic GPCRs. In addition, they phosphorylate non-receptors substrates, thus potentially regulating a variety of cellular processes (2).  GRK5 and GRK6 are found in nucleus and may be regulated by Gq signaling (3,4). GRK5 has been shown to phosphorylate NPM1. GRK5 phosphorylate NPM1 on Ser4, and Thr199 in vitro. Ser4 phosphorylation is also targeted by PLK1 (5). It is of interest that GRK5 phosphorylation of NPM1 may confer resistance to cell death mediated by PLK1 inhibition. Phosphorylation of NPM1 at Ser4 by PLK1 is involved in mitotic spindle formation (5). Whereas phosphorylation of NPM1 at Thr199 by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is involved in regulating the centrosome (6), whereas the phosphorylation of both Ser4 and Thr199 controls centrosome duplication (7). NPM1 is involved in a variety of functions, including the regulation of centrosomal duplication, the cell cycle, mitosis, apoptosis, and RNA and DNA replication. It also serves as a chaperone for proteins such as histone. NPM1 is overexpressed in number of cancers and thus, is a potential target for cancer therapeutics (8).